See http://cr.yp.to/qmail/faq.html for newer FAQs not included in this document, and http://qmail.org/ for qmail community contributions. 1. Controlling the appearance of outgoing messages 1.1. How do I set up host masquerading? 1.2. How do I set up user masquerading? 1.3. How do I set up Mail-Followup-To automatically? 2. Routing outgoing messages 2.1. How do I send local messages to another host? 2.2. How do I set up a null client? 2.3. How do I send outgoing mail through UUCP? 2.4. How do I set up a separate queue for a SLIP/PPP link? 2.5. How do I deal with ``CNAME lookup failed temporarily''? 3. Routing incoming messages by host 3.1. How do I receive mail for another host name? 3.2. How do I set up a virtual domain? 3.3. How do I set up several virtual domains for one user? 4. Routing incoming messages by user 4.1. How do I forward unrecognized usernames to another host? 4.2. How do I set up a mailing list? 4.3. How do I use majordomo with qmail? 4.4. How do I use procmail with qmail? 4.5. How do I use elm's filter with qmail? 4.6. How do I create aliases with dots? 4.7. How do I use sendmail's .forward files with qmail? 4.8. How do I use sendmail's /etc/aliases with qmail? 4.9. How do I make qmail defer messages during NFS or NIS outages? 4.10. How do I change which account controls an address? 5. Setting up servers 5.1. How do I run qmail-smtpd under tcpserver? 5.2. How do I set up qmail-qmtpd? 5.3. How do I set up qmail-pop3d? 5.4. How do I allow selected clients to use this host as a relay? 5.5. How do I fix up messages from broken SMTP clients? 5.6. How do I set up qmail-qmqpd? 6. Configuring MUAs to work with qmail 6.1. How do I make BSD mail generate a Date with the local time zone? 6.2. How do I make pine work with qmail? 6.3. How do I make MH work with qmail? 6.4. How do I stop Sun's dtcm from hanging? 7. Managing the mail system 7.1. How do I safely stop qmail-send? 7.2. How do I manually run the queue? 7.3. How do I rejuvenate a message? 7.4. How do I organize a big network? 7.5. How do I back up and restore the queue disk? 7.6. How do I run a supervised copy of qmail? 7.7. How do I avoid syslog? 8. Miscellany 8.1. How do I tell qmail to do more deliveries at once? 8.2. How do I keep a copy of all incoming and outgoing mail messages? 8.3. How do I switch slowly from sendmail to qmail? 1. Controlling the appearance of outgoing messages 1.1. How do I set up host masquerading? All the users on this host, zippy.af.mil, are users on af.mil. When joe sends a message to fred, the message should say ``From: joe@af.mil'' and ``To: fred@af.mil'', without ``zippy'' anywhere. Answer: echo af.mil > /var/qmail/control/defaulthost; chmod 644 /var/qmail/control/defaulthost. 1.2. How do I set up user masquerading? I'd like my own From lines to show boss@af.mil rather than god@heaven.af.mil. Answer: Add MAILHOST=af.mil and MAILUSER=boss to your environment. To override From lines supplied by your MUA, add QMAILINJECT=f to your environment. 1.3. How do I set up Mail-Followup-To automatically? When I send a message to the sos@heaven.af.mil mailing list, I'd like to include ``Mail-Followup-To: sos@heaven.af.mil''. Answer: Add QMAILMFTFILE=$HOME/.lists to your environment, and put sos@heaven.af.mil into ~/.lists. 2. Routing outgoing messages 2.1. How do I send local messages to another host? All the mail for af.mil should be delivered to our disk server, pokey.af.mil. I've set up an MX from af.mil to pokey.af.mil, but when a user on the af.mil host sends a message to boss@af.mil, af.mil tries to deliver it locally. How do I stop that? Answer: Remove af.mil from /var/qmail/control/locals. If qmail-send is running, give it a HUP. Make sure the MX is set up properly before you do this. Also make sure that pokey can receive mail for af.mil---see question 3.1. 2.2. How do I set up a null client? I'd like zippy.af.mil to send all mail to bigbang.af.mil. Answer: echo :bigbang.af.mil > /var/qmail/control/smtproutes; chmod 644 /var/qmail/control/smtproutes. Disable local delivery as in question 2.1. Turn off qmail-smtpd in /etc/inetd.conf. 2.3. How do I send outgoing mail through UUCP? I need qmail to send all outgoing mail via UUCP to my upstream UUCP site, gonzo. Answer: Put :alias-uucp into control/virtualdomains and |preline -df /usr/bin/uux - -r -gC -a"${SENDER:-MAILER-DAEMON}" gonzo!rmail "($DEFAULT@$HOST)" (all on one line) into ~alias/.qmail-uucp-default. (For some UUCP software you will need to use -d instead of -df.) If qmail-send is running, give it a HUP. 2.4. How do I set up a separate queue for a SLIP/PPP link? Answer: Use serialmail (http://pobox.com/~djb/serialmail.html). 2.5. How do I deal with ``CNAME lookup failed temporarily''? The log showed that a message was deferred for this reason. Why is qmail doing CNAME lookups, anyway? Answer: The SMTP standard does not permit aliased hostnames, so qmail has to do a CNAME lookup in DNS for every recipient host. If the relevant DNS server is down, qmail defers the message. It will try again soon. 3. Routing incoming messages by host 3.1. How do I receive mail for another host name? I'd like our disk server, pokey.af.mil, to receive mail addressed to af.mil. I've set up an MX from af.mil to pokey.af.mil, but how do I get pokey to treat af.mil as a name for the local host? Answer: Add af.mil to /var/qmail/control/locals and to /var/qmail/control/rcpthosts. If qmail-send is running, give it a HUP (or do svc -h /var/run/qmail if qmail is supervised). 3.2. How do I set up a virtual domain? I'd like any mail for nowhere.mil, including root@nowhere.mil and postmaster@nowhere.mil and so on, to be delivered to Bob. I've set up the MX already. Answer: Put nowhere.mil:bob into control/virtualdomains. Add nowhere.mil to control/rcpthosts. If qmail-send is running, give it a HUP (or do svc -h /var/run/qmail if qmail is supervised). Now mail for whatever@nowhere.mil will be delivered locally to bob-whatever. Bob can set up ~bob/.qmail-default to catch all the possible addresses, ~bob/.qmail-info to catch info@nowhere.mil, etc. 3.3. How do I set up several virtual domains for one user? Bob wants another virtual domain, everywhere.org, but he wants to handle nowhere.mil users and everywhere.org users differently. How can we do that without setting up a second account? Answer: Put two lines into control/virtualdomains: nowhere.mil:bob-nowhere everywhere.org:bob-everywhere Add nowhere.mil and everywhere.org to control/rcpthosts. If qmail-send is running, give it a HUP (or do svc -h /var/run/qmail if qmail is supervised). Now Bob can set up separate .qmail-nowhere-* and everywhere-* files. He can even set up .qmail-nowhere-default and .qmail-everywhere-default. 4. Routing incoming messages by user 4.1. How do I forward unrecognized usernames to another host? I'd like to set up a LUSER_RELAY pointing at bigbang.af.mil. Answer: Put | forward "$LOCAL"@bigbang.af.mil into ~alias/.qmail-default. 4.2. How do I set up a mailing list? I'd like me-sos@my.host.name to be forwarded to a bunch of people. Answer: Put a list of addresses into ~me/.qmail-sos, one per line. Then incoming mail for me-sos will be forwarded to each of those addresses. You should also touch ~me/.qmail-sos-owner so that bounces come back to you rather than the original sender. Alternative: ezmlm (http://pobox.com/~djb/ezmlm.html) is a modern mailing list manager, supporting automatic subscriptions, confirmations, archives, fully automatic bounce handling (including warnings to subscribers saying which messages they've missed), and more. 4.3. How do I use majordomo with qmail? Answer: See ftp://ftp.eyrie.org/pub/software/majordomo/mjqmail and http://www.qmail.org for various methods. majordomo 2.0 is expected to support qmail directly. Beware that majordomo's lists are not crashproof. 4.4. How do I use procmail with qmail? Answer: Put | preline procmail into ~/.qmail. You'll have to use a full path for procmail unless procmail is in the system's startup PATH. Note that procmail will try to deliver to /var/spool/mail/$USER by default; to change this, see INSTALL.mbox. 4.5. How do I use elm's filter with qmail? Answer: Put | preline filter into ~/.qmail. You'll have to use a full path for filter unless filter is in the system's startup PATH. 4.6. How do I create aliases with dots? I tried setting up ~alias/.qmail-P.D.Q.Bach, but it doesn't do anything. Answer: Use .qmail-p:d:q:bach. Dots are converted to colons, and uppercase is converted to lowercase. 4.7. How do I use sendmail's .forward files with qmail? Answer: Install the dot-forward package (http://pobox.com/~djb/dot-forward.html). 4.8. How do I use sendmail's /etc/aliases with qmail? Answer: Install the fastforward package (http://pobox.com/~djb/fastforward.html). 4.9. How do I make qmail defer messages during NFS or NIS outages? If ~joe suddenly disappears, I'd like mail for joe to be deferred. Answer: Build a qmail-users database, so that qmail no longer checks home directories and the password database. This takes three steps. First, put your complete user list (including local and NIS passwords) into /var/qmail/users/passwd. Second, run # qmail-pw2u -h < /var/qmail/users/passwd > /var/qmail/users/assign Here -h means that every user must have a home directory; if you happen to run qmail-pw2u during an NFS outage, it will print an error message and stop. Third, run # qmail-newu Make sure to rebuild the database whenever you change your user list. 4.10. How do I change which account controls an address? I set up ~alias/.qmail-www, but qmail is looking at ~www/.qmail instead. Answer: If you do # chown root ~www then qmail will no longer consider www to be a user; see qmail-getpw.0. For more precise control over address assignments, see qmail-users.0. 5. Setting up servers 5.1. How do I run qmail-smtpd under tcpserver? inetd is barfing at high loads, cutting off service for ten-minute stretches. I'd also like better connection logging. Answer: First, install the tcpserver program, part of the ucspi-tcp package (http://pobox.com/~djb/ucspi-tcp.html). Second, remove the smtp line from /etc/inetd.conf, and put the line tcpserver -u 7770 -g 2108 0 smtp /var/qmail/bin/qmail-smtpd & into your system startup files. Replace 7770 with your qmaild uid, and replace 2108 with your nofiles gid. Don't forget the &. The change will take effect at your next reboot. By default, tcpserver allows at most 40 simultaneous qmail-smtpd processes. To raise this limit to 400, use tcpserver -c 400. To keep track of who's connecting and for how long, run (on two lines) tcpserver -v -u 7770 -g 2108 0 smtp /var/qmail/bin/qmail-smtpd \ 2>&1 | /var/qmail/bin/splogger smtpd 3 & 5.2. How do I set up qmail-qmtpd? Answer: Two steps. First, put a qmtp 209/tcp line into /etc/services. Second, put (all on one line) qmtp stream tcp nowait qmaild /var/qmail/bin/tcp-env tcp-env /var/qmail/bin/qmail-qmtpd into /etc/inetd.conf, and give inetd a HUP. If you have tcpserver installed, skip the inetd step, and set up tcpserver -u 7770 -g 2108 0 qmtp /var/qmail/bin/qmail-qmtpd & replacing 7770 and 2108 with the qmaild uid and nofiles gid. See question 5.1 for more details on tcpserver. 5.3. How do I set up qmail-pop3d? My old POP server works with mbox delivery; I'd like to switch to maildir delivery. Answer: Four steps. First, install the checkpassword program (http://pobox.com/~djb/checkpwd.html). Second, make sure you have a pop3 110/tcp line in /etc/services. Third, put (all on one line, including qmail-popup twice) pop3 stream tcp nowait root /var/qmail/bin/qmail-popup qmail-popup YOURHOST /bin/checkpassword /var/qmail/bin/qmail-pop3d Maildir into /etc/inetd.conf, and give inetd a HUP; replace YOURHOST with your host's fully qualified domain name. Fourth, set up Maildir delivery for any user who wants to read mail via POP. If you have tcpserver installed, skip the inetd step, and set up (on two lines) tcpserver 0 pop3 /var/qmail/bin/qmail-popup YOURHOST \ /bin/checkpassword /var/qmail/bin/qmail-pop3d Maildir & replacing YOURHOST with your host's fully qualified domain name. See question 5.1 for more details on tcpserver. Security note: pop3d should be used only within a secure network; otherwise an eavesdropper can steal passwords. 5.4. How do I allow selected clients to use this host as a relay? I see that qmail-smtpd rejects messages to any host not listed in control/rcpthosts. Answer: Three steps. First, install tcp-wrappers, available separately, including hosts_options. Second, change your qmail-smtpd line in inetd.conf to smtp stream tcp nowait qmaild /usr/local/bin/tcpd /var/qmail/bin/tcp-env /var/qmail/bin/qmail-smtpd (all on one line) and give inetd a HUP. Third, in tcpd's hosts.allow, make a line setting the environment variable RELAYCLIENT to the empty string for the selected clients: tcp-env: 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5: setenv = RELAYCLIENT Here 1.2.3.4 and 1.2.3.5 are the clients' IP addresses. qmail-smtpd ignores control/rcpthosts when RELAYCLIENT is set. (It also appends RELAYCLIENT to each envelope recipient address. See question 5.5 for an application.) Alternative procedure, if you are using tcpserver 0.80 or above: Create /etc/tcp.smtp containing 1.2.3.6:allow,RELAYCLIENT="" 127.:allow,RELAYCLIENT="" to allow clients with IP addresses 1.2.3.6 and 127.*. Run tcprules /etc/tcp.smtp.cdb /etc/tcp.smtp.tmp < /etc/tcp.smtp Finally, insert -x /etc/tcp.smtp.cdb after tcpserver in your qmail-smtpd invocation. 5.5. How do I fix up messages from broken SMTP clients? Answer: Three steps. First, put | bouncesaying 'Permission denied' [ "@$HOST" != "@fixme" ] | qmail-inject -f "$SENDER" -- "$DEFAULT" into ~alias/.qmail-fixup-default. Second, put fixme:fixup into /var/qmail/control/virtualdomains, and give qmail-send a HUP. Third, follow the procedure in question 5.4, but set RELAYCLIENT to the string ``@fixme'': tcp-env: 1.2.3.6, 1.2.3.7: setenv = RELAYCLIENT @fixme Here 1.2.3.6 and 1.2.3.7 are the clients' IP addresses. If you are using tcpserver instead of inetd and tcpd, put 1.2.3.6:allow,RELAYCLIENT="@fixme" 1.2.3.7:allow,RELAYCLIENT="@fixme" into /etc/tcp.smtp, and run tcprules as in question 5.4. 5.6. How do I set up qmail-qmqpd? I'd like to allow fast queueing of outgoing mail from authorized clients. Answer: Make sure you have installed tcpserver 0.80 or above. Create /etc/qmqp.tcp in tcprules format to allow connections from authorized hosts. For example, if queueing is allowed from 1.2.3.*: 1.2.3.:allow :deny Convert /etc/qmqp.tcp to /etc/qmqp.cdb: tcprules /etc/qmqp.cdb /etc/qmqp.tmp < /etc/qmqp.tcp Finally, set up tcpserver -x /etc/qmqp.cdb -u 7770 -g 2108 0 628 /var/qmail/bin/qmail-qmqpd & replacing 7770 and 2108 with the qmaild uid and nofiles gid. See question 5.1 for more details on tcpserver. 6. Configuring MUAs to work with qmail 6.1. How do I make BSD mail generate a Date with the local time zone? When I send mail, I'd rather use the local time zone than GMT, since some MUAs don't know how to display Date in the receiver's time zone. Answer: Put set sendmail=/var/qmail/bin/datemail into your .mailrc or your system-wide Mail.rc. Beware that BSD mail is neither secure nor reliable. 6.2. How do I make pine work with qmail? Answer: Put sendmail-path=/usr/lib/sendmail -oem -oi -t into /usr/local/lib/pine.conf. (This will work with sendmail too.) Beware that pine is neither secure nor reliable. 6.3. How do I make MH work with qmail? Answer: Put postproc: /usr/mh/lib/spost into each user's .mh_profile. (This will work with sendmail too.) Beware that MH is neither secure nor reliable. 6.4. How do I stop Sun's dtcm from hanging? Answer: There is a novice programming error in dtcm, known as ``failure to close the output side of the pipe in the child.'' Sun has, at the time of this writing, not yet provided a patch. Sorry. 7. Managing the mail system 7.1. How do I safely stop qmail-send? Back when we were running sendmail, it was always tricky to kill sendmail without risking the loss of current deliveries; what should I do with qmail-send? Answer: Go ahead and kill the qmail-send process. It will shut down cleanly. Wait for ``exiting'' to show up in the log. To restart qmail, run /var/qmail/rc the same way it is run from your system boot scripts, with the proper PATH, resource limits, etc. Alternative, if qmail is supervised: svc -t /var/run/qmail. The supervise process will kill qmail, wait for it to stop, and restart it. Use -d instead of -t if you don't want qmail to restart automatically; to manually restart it, use -u. 7.2. How do I manually run the queue? I'd like qmail to try delivering all the remote messages right now. Answer: Give the qmail-send process an ALRM. (Do svc -a /var/run/qmail if qmail is supervised.) You may want to run qmail-tcpok first, to guarantee that qmail-remote will try all addresses. Normally, if an address fails repeatedly, qmail-remote leaves it alone for an hour. 7.3. How do I rejuvenate a message? Somebody broke into Eric's computer again; it's going to be down for at least another two days. I know Eric has been expecting an important message---in fact, I see it sitting here in /var/qmail/queue/mess/15/26902. It's been in the queue for six days; how can I make sure it isn't bounced tomorrow? Answer: Just touch /var/qmail/queue/info/15/26902. (This is the only form of queue modification that's safe while qmail is running.) 7.4. How do I organize a big network? I have a lot of machines, and I don't know where to start. Answer: First, choose the domain name where your users will receive mail. This is normally the shortest domain name you control. If you are in charge of *.movie.edu, you can use addresses like joe@movie.edu. Second, choose the machine that will know what to do with different users at movie.edu. Set up a host name in DNS for this machine: mailhost.movie.edu IN A 1.2.3.4 4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa IN PTR mailhost.movie.edu Here 1.2.3.4 is the IP address of that machine. Third, make a list of machines where mail should end up. For example, if mail for Bob should end up on Bob's workstation, put Bob's workstation onto the list. For each of these machines, set up a host name in DNS: bobshost.movie.edu IN A 1.2.3.7 7.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa IN PTR bobshost.movie.edu Fourth, install qmail on bobshost.movie.edu. qmail will automatically configure itself to accept messages for bob@bobshost.movie.edu and deliver them to ~bob/Mailbox on bobshost. Do the same for the other machines where mail should end up. Fifth, install qmail on mailhost.movie.edu. Put movie.edu:alias-movie into control/virtualdomains on mailhost. Then forward bob@movie.edu to bob@bobshost.movie.edu, by putting bob@bobshost.movie.edu into ~alias/.qmail-movie-bob. Do the same for other users. Sixth, put movie.edu into control/rcpthosts on mailhost.movie.edu, so that mailhost.movie.edu will accept messages for users at movie.edu. Seventh, set up an MX record in DNS to deliver movie.edu messages to mailhost: movie.edu IN MX 10 mailhost.movie.edu Eighth, on all your machines, put movie.edu into control/defaulthost. 7.5. How do I back up and restore the queue disk? Answer: You can't. One difficulty is that you can't get a consistent snapshot of the queue while qmail-send is running. Another difficulty is that messages in the queue must have filenames that match their inode numbers. However, the big problem is that backups---even twice-daily backups--- are far too unreliable for mail. If your disk dies, there will be very little overlap between the messages saved in the last backup and the messages that were lost. There are several ways to add real reliability to a mail server. Battery backups will keep your server alive, letting you park the disk to avoid a head crash, when the power goes out. Solid-state disks have their own battery backups. RAID boxes let you replace dead disks without losing any data. 7.6. How do I run a supervised copy of qmail? svc sounds useful. Answer: Install daemontools (http://pobox.com/~djb/daemontools.html). Create a /var/run/qmail directory. Change /var/qmail/rc to supervise /var/run/qmail /var/qmail/rc in your boot scripts. Make sure that supervise is in the startup PATH. Now you can use svc to stop or restart qmail, and svstat to check whether qmail is running. 7.7. How do I avoid syslog? It chews up a lot of CPU time and isn't reliable. Answer: Install daemontools (http://pobox.com/~djb/daemontools.html). Make a /var/log/qmail directory, owned by qmaill, mode 2700. Do qmail-start ./Mailbox /usr/local/bin/accustamp \ | setuser qmaill /usr/local/bin/cyclog /var/log/qmail & in /var/qmail/rc. If you are logging tcpserver connections, make a /var/log/smtpd directory, and use cyclog /var/log/smtpd for tcpserver. You shouldn't run several copies of cyclog with the same log directory. By default, cyclog keeps 10 automatically rotated log files, each containing up to 100KB of log data. To keep 20 files with 1MB each, use cyclog -s 1000000 -n 20. 8. Miscellany 8.1. How do I tell qmail to do more deliveries at once? It's running only 20 parallel qmail-remote processes. Answer: Decide how many deliveries you want to allow at once. Put that number into control/concurrencyremote. Restart qmail-send as in question 7.1. If your system has resource limits, make sure you set the descriptors limit to at least double the concurrency plus 5; otherwise you'll get lots of unnecessary deferrals whenever a big burst of mail shows up. Note that qmail also imposes a compile-time concurrency limit, 120 by default; this is set in conf-spawn. 8.2. How do I keep a copy of all incoming and outgoing mail messages? Answer: Set QUEUE_EXTRA to "Tlog\0" and QUEUE_EXTRALEN to 5 in extra.h. Recompile qmail. Put ./msg-log into ~alias/.qmail-log. You can also use QUEUE_EXTRA to, e.g., record the Message-ID of every message: run | awk '/^$/ { exit } /^[mM][eE][sS][sS][aA][gG][eE]-/ { print }' from ~alias/.qmail-log. 8.3. How do I switch slowly from sendmail to qmail? I'm thinking of moving the heaven.af.mil network over to qmail, but first I'd like to give my users a chance to try out qmail without affecting current sendmail deliveries. We're using NFS. Answer: Find a host in your network, say pc.heaven.af.mil, that isn't running an SMTP server. (If addresses at pc.heaven.af.mil are used, you should already have an MX pointing pc.heaven.af.mil to your mail hub.) Set up a new MX record pointing lists.heaven.af.mil to pc.heaven.af.mil. Install qmail on pc.heaven.af.mil. Replace pc with lists in the control files. Make the qmail man pages available on all your machines. Now tell your users about qmail. A user can forward joe@heaven.af.mil to joe@lists.heaven.af.mil to get ~/Mailbox delivery; he can set up .qmail files; he can start running his own mailing lists @lists.heaven.af.mil. When you're ready to turn sendmail off, you can set up pc.heaven.af.mil as your new mail hub. Add heaven.af.mil to control/locals, and change the heaven.af.mil MX to point to pc.heaven.af.mil. Make sure you leave lists.heaven.af.mil in control/locals so that transition addresses will continue to work.